by Matteson Ellis
The 2012 Latin America Corruption Survey found that executives consider customs and police to present the highest levels of corruption risk throughout the region. The survey, organized by Miller & Chevalier, Matteson Ellis Law, and 12 law firms throughout the region, generated responses from more than 400 executives who work in Latin America for local, regional, and multinational companies.
corruption and bribery
The survey gauged levels of corruption, not only by country, but also by area of government within each country: the executive branch, legislative branch, judicial branch, customs, police, and municipal/local. Responses varied by country, which appears to be consistent with FCPAméricas’ previous commentary about the diversity of risks in Latin America.
For example, Bolivia registered high levels of corruption in the judicial branch but lower levels in municipal/local areas. Mexico registered high levels in the legislative branch but lower levels in the executive branch. Peru registered high levels in municipal/local areas but lower levels in the executive and legislative branches. (Note that the United States and Chile registered low levels of risk in every category.)
But two areas of government were seen to create consistent concern for executives in almost every country surveyed – customs and police. Almost two-thirds of respondents rated these government functions as having “significant corruption” in the countries in which they have experience.
The reasons for this finding are complicated. Although customs and police officials at higher levels can certainly create corruption risk (the Bizjet enforcement action appears to have involved payments to relatively high-level Mexican Federal Police), these risks are most often associated with lower-level officials – like traffic police and port officials. These officials often have lower levels of education. Their wages are low. They are often required to seek rent through other sources, like bribe requests, to bring in enough money to support their families and cover basic needs. These areas of government are often described as less formal and more unprofessional.
But these facts do not change the reality that petty corruption can be just as insidious to the development of a country as can grand corruption. It can also be just as disruptive to business. These facts also do affect the expectations of ethical practices placed on companies operating in the region. To comply with laws like the FCPA, employees must always refuse bribe requests.
What are the implications of this finding for FCPA compliance programs? When working in Latin America, compliance practitioners would be wise to tailor their programs to be particularly robust in responding to customs and police risk. Here are just a few tips.
- Make sure you have written policies that include facilitating payments and duress and extortion, which are common to petty corruption.
- Know the local terminology for corruption. Knowing words like mordida in Mexico and propina in Brazil will help you track and identify issues when they occur and train your teams to avoid them.
- Design training role-plays to include examples of petty corruption. What do you do when the policeman pulls you over and refuses to let you go without a payment?
- Be particularly careful with the third parties (i.e., customs agents) you use in these areas. Due diligence on dispachantes, gestores, and other support is essential. Do not stop there – ongoing monitoring and testing is just as important.
- Build customs delays into your business plans. In many countries, delays will happen. You can be sure of this. But the pressure for an employee to make a payment is much less when your business model expects a wait.
- Do not give police a reason to pull you over. For example, make sure your company cars are fully compliant – that your licenses and registration are updated, and that the tail lights are working. Periodically train your drivers on road safety.
- Have communications mechanisms in place so employees can seek compliance feedback in real time when issues arise. Your local compliance officer surely has a cell phone and can be called in the middle of the night.
- Make sure your teams know who is and is not a foreign official for purposes of the FCPA. Are private companies used by a government to scan containers at a port?
- Spend extra time in your compliance audits on reviewing transactions related to police and customs. Petty cash disbursements are a good place to start.
- Use the FCPA as a shield. When a bribe request is made, tell the policeman or customs agent that you do not want to be rude, but you simply cannot make the payment. If you did, you would lose your job.
- Be ready to wait. Delays are often the corrupt official’s best friend. The policeman might make you wait at a checkpoint until he decides to finally let you go. Bring a book.
Of course, the mechanisms you devise to respond to risk will depend on your company’s specific risk profile. A risk assessment is a necessary first step to any compliance program. The above suggestions are only a few things that I have seen companies do successfully in the region. Moreover, do not forget that customs and police create only some of many corruption risks in the region, albeit critical ones.
Source : corporatecomplianceinsights
